Soran's device was essentially an anti-bomb, based on how Worf described it:
Trilithium is a nuclear inhibitor. In theory, it could stop all fusion within a star.
If you shot it at a Star Destroyer I think you'd just give a handful of unlucky stormtroopers trilithium poisoning.
Most of the time they're "blasters," sometimes they're "turbolasers" or "lasers." Star Wars canon is a hot mess but they are most commonly defined as charged particle beam weapons, i.e. they're phasers by a different name.